Foreign Investment And Its Effects On Economic Development

Introduction Foreign investment is a tool to foster the economic development in a country. It can be denied that foreign investment helps poor countries to boost their development faster than just only relying on domestic business. The first bilateral treaty was signed in 1959 between Germany and Pakistan. After World War II, European countries started to expand their business to the developing countries? markets. BITs were signed to give confidence to business players from developed states by offering more protection than just relying on domestic law. Before 1980, the protection of investment was the task of diplomatic negotiations, and when disputed, international customary law was in the eyes of ad hoc claims tribunals. International†¦show more content†¦According to Vinuales, environmental considerations become more and more necessary component in foreign investment disputes.[footnoteRef:4] In addition, Sonarajah states that the emergence of environmental claims in international inve stment field started in the beginning of the 2000s where environment had been neglected in the IIAs negotiation and dispute settlement.[footnoteRef:5] The traditional BITs did not put much debate on environmental protection, but, the first regional investment treaties integrated into a free trade agreement, the NAFTA became starting point for environmental lawyers and policy makers about the possibility risks to environmental regulation.[footnoteRef:6] Even though, these treaties still put restriction to host countries to regulate the law in the purpose of environmental protection, the investor-state dispute settlement in modern BITs has managed to take into account environmental as a component in some cases.[footnoteRef:7] [4: The environment issues

The Concept of Infant-Mother Attachment Essay - 690 Words

AINSWORTH: Infant-Mother Attachment The concept of infant-mother attachment is as important to the child as the birth itself. The effect this relationship has on a child shall affect that child for its entire life. A secure attachment to the mother or a primary caregiver is imperative for a child’s development. Ainsworth’s study shows that a mother is responsive to her infant’s behavioral cues which will develop into a strong infant-mother attachment. This will result in a child who can easily, without stress, be separated from his mother and without any anxiety. Of course the study shows a child with a weak infant-mother relationship will lead to mistrust, anxiety, and will never really be that close with the mother. Without the†¦show more content†¦Children exposed to aggressive models will reproduce aggressive acts resembling those of the models. The observation of non-aggressive models will have an inhibiting effect on the subjects future behavior. Subjects will imitate the beha vior of a same-sex model to a greater degree than a model of the opposite sex. Boys will be more predisposed than girls towards imitating aggression (Diessner, 2008). In the first stage of the experiment, children were brought to the experimental room by the controller and the model, who was in the hallway outside the room and was invited to come in and join in the game. The room was set up for playing and the activities were selected because they had high interest for nursery school children. One area was arranged was a child’s play area, where there was a table and chair, potato prints and stickers. After settling the child in its corner the adult model was brought to the other side of the room where there was a small table, chair, tinker-toy set, a mallet and a big inflatable Bobo doll. After the model was seated the experimenter left the experimental room (Diessner, 2008). An example of physical aggression was raising the Bobo doll and started hitting it on the head with a mallet. An example of verbal aggression was, Pow!and Sock him in the nose. After ten minutes the controller entered and took the child to a new room which the c hild was told was another game room. TheShow MoreRelatedModifications of Bowlbys Attachment Theory Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesModifications of Bowlbys Attachment Theory Bowlbys original theory of attachment was concerned with the bonding relationship that develops between an infant and his primary caregiver. He believed the process of bonding to have a biological basis as the genes of those infants who successfully sought the protection of a caregiver (from predators and other dangers) will have survived and been passed on. 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Some babies become secure or insecureRead MoreAttachment Theory on Socio-Emtionals Development of Children1435 Words   |  6 PagesAttachment Theory: One of the most studied topics in today’s psychology is the attachment theory whose common references are from attachment models by Bowlby and Ainsworth. Since its introduction, the concept has developed to become one of the most significant theoretical schemes for understanding the socio-emotional development of children at an early stage. In addition, the theory is also developing into one of the most prominent models that guide parent-child relationships. Some of the keyRead MoreThe Extent to Which Psychological Theories Have Been Successful in Explaining Attachments675 Words   |  3 PagesTheories Have Been Successful in Explaining Attachments There are various psychological theories to regard as which have been successful in explaining attachments and I will be explaining the majority of them. 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According to this theory infants have an inborn need to be close to their main caretaker. If the attachment is deprived from an infant Bowlby argued that the infant could suffer from negative impacts on their development. This could possibly imply that children places in early daycare will later in life suffer consequences for this. The basis of attachment theory can be linked to Sigmung Freud s (1926)Read MoreOutline and Evaluate One Theory of Attachment920 Words   |  4 Pagestheory of attachment (12 marks) Bowlby’s theory is an evolutionary theory because, in his view attachment is a behavioural system that has evolved because of its survival value and, ultimately, its reproductive value. According to Bowlby, children have an innate drive to become attached to a caregiver because attachment has long-term benefits. Both attachment and imprinting ensure that a young animal stays close to a caregiver who will feed and protect the young animal. Thus attachment and imprintingRead MorePsychology : The Nurture Theory And The Nature Theory1498 Words   |  6 Pagespsychology, attachment describes an affectional bond between an infant and its caregiver. An infant who is attached to its caregiver will want to maintain proximity to him/her, will experience distress upon separation and will use the caregiver as a secure base. This paper will discuss two theories in developmental psychology: The nurture theory and the nature theory. The nurture theory, known as the behaviourism theory, tell s us that babies learn all of their behaviours and that attachment is a result

Structured Approach to Enterprise Risk Management

Question: Discuss about the Structured Approach to Enterprise Risk Management. Answer: Here, I am choosing Entry 4 where my friend has focused on the wellbeing and security programs which needs speculation of employees and a strong obligation from the side of an organization to ensure workplace safety I chose this particular area as I believe there are two parts to workplace safety. The two parts are played by two parties. One the organization and the second is the worker. It needs a great cooperation from both these to make a workplace a safe and sound place to work. An organization which is reasonable will address all the problems and dangers of its operations. An employee who is cautious will always bring his fears, doubts and concerns to the knowledge of the higher authority for his and his teams well being. I will discuss how an organization can undergo risk management in an ideal manner to ensure the well being of its workers. Risk management is managing the occurrences of any risks by carefully speculating the risks at a certain workplace. Either on detection of such risks, they are erased or they are minimized to their lowest possible levels. Today this subject has become a security program for the well being of workers In a workplace where organization holds themselves concerned and responsible for their people (Anonymous, 2012). There are many guidelines of implementing risk management techniques in a workplace. Any uncertainty that is surrounded to a future event can be considered as a risk( Peterburg, 2015) These are discussed here in brief:- Guidelines to risk management; Context establishment - This is the scope of the entire investigation for risks. Here the authority lays down the objectives of risk management, identifies the shareholders involved and gathers the relevant background information. It is a framework which is created in which risks are to be assessed. Detection of risks The next task is detection of the risks. Here one must answer questions like these:- a) What risks can happen? b) How such risks can take place? c) Where can such risks occur? d) Why will these risks occur? e) What will be the impact of these risks? f) How till the company be affected if such risks occur? Risk analysis For the security program ensuring employee well being to be designed these risks speculated above must be analyzed. By that the strength and weakness of an organization which exists presently which can be used to control such risks are ascertained and analyzed. The frequency at which risks might occur is also analyzed Evaluation of risks An evaluation is made by the organization whether the entire scope of risks detected acceptable or not acceptable. When there is a decision taken not to treat a risk it can be considered to be acceptable. Treating risks Effective strategies are put in place during this stage for treating the risks evaluated. Here one also evaluates the right process of such treatment of risks and what are the chances they will be revived back (Anonymous, 2010). It is the legal commitment of the supervisors at a workplace to look after the workplace safety of its workers by issuing proper risk management techniques. References Anonymous, (2012)A Structured Approach to Enterprise Risk Management and the Requirements of ISO 31000, Retrieved from https://www.theirm.org/media/886062/ISO3100_doc.pdf Peterburg, H. (2015), Risk Management, Retrieved from https://ww.gnedenko-forum.org/Journal/2010/022010/RTA_2_2010-09.pdf, Anonymous, (2010) Risk management handbook, Retreived from https://www.adelaide.edu.au/legalandrisk/docs/resources/Risk_Management_Handbook.pdf

Neurofibromatosis & Its Genetic Implications Essays -

Neurofibromatosis & Its Genetic Implications The National Institute of Health defines Neurofibromatoses as group genetic disorders that affects the development and growth of neural cell tissues. These disorders cause tumor growth in nerve tissues, skin changes, and in some cases bone deformities. Of the eight possible subtypes of Neurofibromatosis (NF) at least 85% are represented by NF Type 1, also known as von Recklinghausen or classic peripheral neurofibromatosis. It has a prevalence of about 1:4000 live births. An additional ten percent have NF Type 2, also known as acoustic or central neurofibromatosis and occurs in about 1:50,000 live births (Baskin 1). This paper will deal only with the more prevalent NF Type 1 and focus on the symptoms of the disease and biochemical aspects of the NF1 and the ethical implication of inherited genetic disorders. NF1 is an autosomal dominant inherited disease characterized by multiple caf?-au-lait spots, numerous fibromas, and Lisch nodules. Most manifestations appear during childhood and early adult life. Clinical criteria for diagnosing the disease must include two or more of the following symptoms: (1) six or more caf?-au-lait spots larger that 5 mm in pre-pubescent individuals and greater than 15 mm is post-pubescent individuals, (2) two or more neurofibromas of any type or one plexiform neurofibroma, (3) axillary or inguinal freckling, (4) sphenoid bone dysplasia, (5) optic glioma, (6) Lisch nodules, and (7) a family history of NF1. Other manifestations include learning disabilities, epilepsy, mental retardation, scoliosis, gastrointestinal neurofibromas, pheochromacytomas, and renal artery stenosis (Goldman 2074). Caf?-au-lait spots are pigmented macules of giant melanin granules seen in the basal layer of the epidermis and are distinguished by the presence of more DOPA-positive melanocytes than surrounding skin and a smooth border and light brown color of the macules. Neurofibromas are hamartomatous, a mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to a particular site (Robbins 134), that are composed mostly of Schwann cells, but also contain fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophages. Plexiform neurofibromatoas, large, multilobe pendulous masses, are more deeply situated in large nerves, usually involve the limbs, and are associated with hypertrophy of underlying soft tissues and bones. Lisch nodules, or iris harmartomas, are the most common manifestation of NF1. They are dome shaped, elevated, avascular, melanocytic nodules of the iris with a smooth shape and some translucency (Baskin 1-3). Neurofibromatosis Type I is an autosomal dominant disorder without predilection for sex, race, or color. It shows with complete penetrance with highly variable expression. The gene is located on chromosome 17q and the gene encompasses around 350 kilobases (Goldman 2074). The gene codes for the protein neurofibromine which resembles certain proteins that inactivate oncogenes (Hulsebos 620); thus lacking neurofibromine can lead to an increased disposition to cancer. Although the disorder is inherited, the spontaneous mutation rate is between 2.4 and 4.3 x 10-5 (ncbl.nlm.nih.gov). A predominant paternal derivation suggests that the original mutation occurs in the mitotic divisions that take place during male gametogenesis but not during female gametogenesis. The NF1 gene can show a twelve kilobase deletion involving exons thirty-two through thirty-nine in some cases or a more severe deletion involving a 100 kilobase deletion from exon four near the five prime end of the gene to intron thirty-nine near the three prime end of the gene (nclb.nlm.nih.gov). There does not appear to be any correlation between particular genotypes and phenotypes (Goldman 2074). The sequence of the NF1 gene predicts 2,485 amino acids in the NF1 peptide. The peptide shows some similarity to human GTPase activating protein (GAP). This finding suggests that NF1 codes for a cytoplasmic GAP-like protein that interacts with proteins like the RAS gene product in the control of cell growth in. shows that the tumor suppressing activity of the NF1 protein negatively regulates p21 (RAS) and shows a ?positive? growth role for RAS activity in NF1 tumors. The NF1 gene product neurofibromine contains a GTPase activating protein known as NF1 GRD that downregulates RAS by stimulating intrinsic GTPase. Since RAS and GTP are major regulator molecules in cell growth and differentiation, mutant neurofibromines resulting from somatic mutations in the NF1 gene might interfere with the RAS signaling pathway and thus contribute to the development of tumors (ncbl.nlm.nih.gov). The probability of transmission of NF1 is 50% with each pregnancy,